Citation References by Format
Citing Your Sources
Quick reference Purdue OWL citation chart (MLA, APA, Chicago): this general resource—updated to reflect the 2016 (8th) edition of the MLA Handbook, and a bit slow to reflect the 2019 (7th) edition of the APA Publication Manual —remains VERY handy.
Integrating sources into your writing: this useful James Madison UWC video shares effective summary, paraphase, and quotation tactics. It offers examples and tips as it addresses intellectual property/giving credit, building credibility, and plagiarism questions.
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AMA Citation Format
JMU Libraries AMA Resources page: includes a link to the online AMA Manual of Style.
APA Style
American Psychological Association (APA) style is the preferred citation system of the social sciences and is often used in other disciplines. In October 2019, the APA published its 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Many disciplines and courses continue to use the 6th edition.
APA 7
- APA 7 Style and Grammar Guidelines: your first best online resource for APA 7 formatting and style help is the APA website: https://apastyle.apa.org/.
- APA Style Blog (7th ed.): the APA 7 Style Blog is so new that there's no "search" option. The articles there address the key differences between APA 7 and APA 6.
- Purdue OWL APA 7 Style
- JMU Libraries APA Resources page
APA 6:
- Purdue OWL APA 6 Style
- APA Style Blog 6th Edition Archive and APA Style Blog (6th ed.) FAQ page
- APA 6 general formatting advice (a UWC-created resource): this 2-page UWC-created handout outlines APA 6 formatting and section contents
- APA 6 annotated sample paper and style guide: this UWC-created resource attempts to answer every APA 6 content, style, and formatting question you could possibly think to ask (we're working on an APA 7 version)
- JMU Libraries APA Resources page
- UNC University Libraries APA 6 resources
Paraphrases and quotations with APA
How to effectively integrate paraphrases into your essay
Short quotations vs. long quotations
APSA Citation Format
ASA Citation Format
Associated Press Style
Associated Press Style (AP Style) is the set of rules followed by most newspapers and magazines. The AP Stylebook is used by writers and editors for formatting, punctuation, spelling, capitalization, and word choice. The Stylebook also addresses newswriting concerns like attribution, source identification, and photography.
AP Stylebook Online (available to a maximum of ten JMU users at a time through the JMU Libraries)
Bluebook legal citations
Bluebook citation format is used by lawyers, judges, and law students.
Overview, explanations, and examples
Updates for the 20th Edition of the manual
"Maroonbook: the University of Chicago Manual of Legal Citation": an attempt to simplify the 500-page Bluebook.
Chicago Style and Turabian Style
Chicago and Turabian refer to a set of (essentially identical) formatting and citation guidelines used in the social sciences and in some professional publications.
Chicago Style has been around since 1906, and the Chicago Manual of Style, now in its 17th edition, tries to address every possible question.
The Turabian Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, published by the same University of Chicago Press that offers the CMOS, is the more accessible, portable style manual for student writers.
Chicago Manual of Style Online: increasingly user friendly and available to JMU students; non-JMU users can register for a free trial.
Chicago Style Citation Quick Guide: the CMOS Quick Guide answers key first concerns.
Turabian Style Quick Guide: if you're writing your first Chicago paper, and you don't know the first thing about Chicago Style, start with this resource. It offers a bit of introduction and then a tab in the middle of the page for switching between footnotes-bibliography style (literature, history, art) and author-date style (physical, natural, and social sciences).
Sample Chicago-formatted paper
JMU Libraries Chicago/Turabian Resources page
CSE (CBE)
JMU Libraries Council for Science (formerly Biology) Editors Guide
MLA style
MLA style is the preferred citation system for the humanities. The 8th edition of the MLA Handbook (2016) works to anticipate new media, offering a flexible template for citing any source you might engage in your text and include on your Works Cited page.
MLA 8 Works Cited entries guide: this handy resource from the Saginaw Valley State University Writing Center offers a quick, comprehensive sense of the basic components and considerations involved in citing any source.
JMU Libraries MLA Resources page
