Tudor Books and Readers: 1485-1603
Selected Electronic Resources
 

Foxe's Book of Martyrs Variorum Edition

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Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text & Image, University of Pennsylvania Libraries 

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Note: The Select Bibliography does not represent a common reading list, because most of its entries consist of optional secondary readings related to our group activities.

Selected Additional Resources

Print selected print resources in PDF format

Acheson, Katherine. “Gesner, Topsell, and the Purposes of Pictures in
            Early Modern Natural Histories.” In Printed Images in Early
            Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation
, edited by Michael
            Hunter. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2010. 127-44.

Adams, Thomas R., and Nicolas Barker. “‘A New Model for the Study
            of the Book.’” In A Potencie of Life: Books in Society. The Clark
            Lectures, 1986-87
, edited by Nicolas Barker. London: The British
            Library, 1993. 5-42.

Anderson, Jennifer, and Elizabeth Sauer, eds. Books and Readers in Early
            Modern England: Material Studies
. Philadelphia: U of
            Pennsylvania P, 2002.

Anderson, Thomas P., and Ryan Netzley, eds. Acts of Reading:
            Interpretation, Reading Practices, and the Idea of the Book in
            John Foxe’s
Actes and Monuments. Newark: University of
            Delaware Press, 2010. 

Arblaster, Paul, ‘Totius Mundi Emporium’: Antwerp as a Centre for
            Vernacular Bible Translations,
1523–1545. The Low Countries
            as a Crossroads of Religious Belief
. Ed. Arie-Jan Gelderblom, et.
            al. Leiden: Brill, 2004. 9-31.

Arblaster, Paul, Gergely Juhász, and Guido Latré, eds. Tyndale's
            Testament
. Turnhout, BE: Brepols, 2002.

Avis, F. C. “England’s Use of Antwerp Printers 1500-1540.” Gutenberg-
            Jahrbuch
48 (1973): 234-40.

Bale, John. Index Britanniae Scriptorum Quos Ex Variis Bibliothecis Non
            Parvo Labore Collegit Ioannes Baleus, Cum Aliis: John Bale's Index
            of British and Other Writers
, edited by Reginald Lane Poole and Mary
            Bateson. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902. Reprinted edition, with new
            introduction, by Caroline Brett and James Carley (Cambridge: D.S.
            Brewer, 1990).

_____.  John Bale's Catalogue of Tudor Authors: An Annotated Translation
            of Records from the
Scriptorum Illustrium Maioris Brytanniae . . .
            Catalogus (1557-1559), edited by J. Christopher Warner. Medieval
            and Renaissance Texts and Studies, Vol. 375. Tempe, A.Z.: ACMRS,
            2010.

_____.  The Vocacyon of Johan Bale, edited by Peter Happé and John N. King.
            Renaissance English Text Society, Vol. 14 (1989). Binghamton, N.Y.:
            MRTS, 1990.

Barnard, John, and D. F. McKenzie, eds. The Cambridge History of the
            Book in Britain: Volume 4: 1557-1695
. Cambridge: Cambridge
            University Press, 2002.

Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, ed. The Reader Revealed. Washington, DC: The
            Folger Shakespeare Library, 2001.

Beetham, Margaret. “In Search of the Historical Reader.” SPIEL 19
            (2000): 89-104.

Bennett, H. S. English Books and Readers, 1475-1557, Being a Study in
            the History of the Book Trade from Caxton to the Incorporation
            of the Stationers' Company
. Cambridge: Cambridge University
            Press, 1952.
           
_____. English Books and Readers 1558-1603: Being a Study in the
            History of the Book Trade in the Reign of Elizabeth I
.
            Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965.
           
Bland, Mark. “The Appearance of the Text in Early Modern England.”
            Text: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Textual Studies
11 (1998):
            91-154.
           
Blayney, Peter W. M. “The Alleged Popularity of Playbooks.”
            Shakespeare Quarterly
56 (2005): 33-50.

_____. The First Folio of Shakespeare. Washington, D.C.: Folger Library
            Publications, 1991.
           
Bracken, James. “Come Ye Blessed, Go Ye Cursed”: The World of John
            Foxe's Acts and Monuments, Also Known as the Book of Martyrs
.
            Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University Libraries, 1999.

Bracken, James, and Mark Rankin. Religious Orthodoxy and Dissent in
            Early Modern England
. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State
            University Libraries, 2005.

Camille, Michael. “Seeing and Reading: Some Visual Implications of
            Medieval Literacy and Illiteracy.” Art History 8 (1985): 26-49.

Carley, James. The Books of King Henry VIII and His Wives. London:
            British Library, 2004.
           
Carlson, David.  “Formats in English Printing to 1557.”  AEB:  Analytical
            and Enumerative Bibliography
2 (1988):  50-57. 

_____.  “Woodcut Illustrations of the Canterbury Tales, 1483-1602.” The
            Library
6th series 19 (1997): 25-67.

Carter, Harry Graham. A View of Early Typography Up to About 1600,
            Lyell Lectures, 1968. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.

Chartier, Roger. “Texts, Printing, Readings.” In The New Cultural
            History
, edited by Lynn Hunt. Berkeley and Los Angeles:
            University of California Press, 1989. 154-75.

Chartier, Roger, and Guilielmo Cavallo, eds. A History of Reading in the
            West
. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999.

Colclough, Stephen. “Recovering the Reader: Commonplace Books and
            Diaries as Sources of Reading Experience.” Publishing History
            44 (2000): 5-37.

Coles, Kimberly. Religion, Reform, and Women’s Writing in Early
            Modern England
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Coppens, Christian. Reading in Exile: The Libraries of John Ramage (d.
            1568), Thomas Harding (d. 1572) & Henry Joliffe (d. 1573),
            Recusants in Louvain
. Libri Pertinentes No. 2. Cambridge: LP
            Publications, 1993.

Crawford, Julie. “Title: Reconsidering Early Modern Women's Reading,
            or, How Margaret Hoby Read Her de Mornay.” Huntington
            Library Quarterly
73 (2010): 193-223.

Cummings, Brian. “Autobiography and the History of Reading.” Cultural
            Reformations: Medieval and Renaissance in Literary History
.
            Ed. Brian Cummings and James Simpson. Oxford: Oxford
            University Press, 2010. 635-57.

_____. The Literary Culture of the Reformation: Grammar and Grace.
            Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Dane, J. and A. Gillespie. “The Myth of the Cheap Quarto.” In King,
            Tudor Books and Readers
(2010), 25-45.

Darnton, Robert. “What Is the History of Books?” Daedalus (1982): 65-
            83.

De Hamel, Christopher. “Bibles of the Protestant Reformation.” In de
            Hamel’s The Book: A History of the Bible. London: Phaidon,
            2001. 216-45.

De Nave, Francine. Antwerp, Dissident Typographical Centre: The Role
            of Antwerp Printers in the Religious Conflicts in England (16th
            Century)
Vol. No. 31, Plantin-Moretus Museum and Stedelijk
            Prentenkabinet
. Antwerp: Snoeck-Ducaju & Zoon, 1994.

De Nave, Francine, and Leon Voet. Plantin-Moretus Museum Antwerp.
            Ghent-Amsterdam: Ludion, 2004.

Dolan, Frances E. “Reading, Work, and Catholic Women’s Biographies.”
            English Literary Renaissance
33 (2003): 328-57.

Driver, Martha. “Iconoclasm and Reform: The Survival of Late Medieval
            Images and the Printed Book”(Chap. 6).In The Image in Print:
            Book Illustration in Late Medieval England and Its Sources
.
            London: British Library, 2004. 185-214, 263-72.

_____. “Nuns as Patrons, Artists, Readers: Bridgettine Woodcuts in
            Printed Books Produced for the English Market.” In Art into
            Life: Collected Papers from the Kresge Art Museum Medieval
            Symposia
, edited by Carol Garrett Fisher and Kathleen L. Scott.
            East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1995. 236-67.

_____. “Pictures in Print: Late Fifteenth- and Early Sixteenth-Century
            English Religious Books for Lay Readers.” In De Cella in
            Seculum: Religious and Secular Life and Devotion in Late
            Medieval England
, edited by Michael G. Sargent. Cambridge:
            D.S. Brewer, 1989. 229-44.

Duffy, Eamon. Marking the Hours: English People and Their Prayers
            1240-1570
. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.

Edwards, A. S. G. “Decorated Caxtons.” In Incunabula : Studies in
            Fifteenth-Century Books Presented to Lotte Hellinga
,edited by
            Martin Davies. London: British Library, 1999. 493-506.

Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe.
            Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Erne, Lukas. Shakespeare as Literary Dramatist. Cambridge: Cambridge
            University Press, 2003.

Farmer, Alan B., and Zachary Lesser. “The Popularity of Playbooks
            Revisited.” Shakespeare Quarterly 56 (2005): 1-32.

_____. “Structures of Popularity in the Early Modern Book Trade.”
            Shakespeare Quarterly
56 (2005): 206-13.

Febvre, Lucien, and Henri-Jean Martin. The Coming of the Book: The
            Impact of Printing, 1450-1800
. Translated by David Gerard.
            London: Verso, 1984.

Gaisser, Julia Haig. Selections, Catullus and his Renaissance Readers.
            Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.

Galbraith, Steven K. “‘English’ Black-Letter Type and Spenser’s
            Shepheardes Calender.” Spenser Studies 23 (2008): 13-40. 
 
_____. “English Literary Folios 1593-1623: Studying Shifts in Format.” In
            King, Tudor Books and Readers (2010), 46-67.

_____. “Spenser’s First Folio: The Build-It-Yourself Edition.” Spenser
            Studies
21 (2006): 21-49. 
           
Gaskell, Philip. A New Introduction to Bibliography. rpt. with corrections.
            Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.

Gilmont, Jean-François. “Protestant Reformations and Reading.” In A
            History of Reading in the West
, edited by Roger Chartier.
            Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999. 213-37, 419-
            24.

Grafton, Anthony. Commerce with the Classics: Ancient Books and
            Renaissance Readers
. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press,
            1997.

_____. “Is the History of Reading a Marginal Enterprise? Guillaume Budé
            and His Books.” Papers of the Bibliographical Society of
            America
91 (1997): 139-57.

Grafton, Anthony, Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, and Adrian Johns. “AHR
            Forum: How Revolutionary Was the Print Revolution? 'an
            Unacknowledged Revolution Revisited' and 'How to
            Acknowledge a Revolution'.” American Historical Review
            107 (2002): 84-128.

Hackel, Heidi B. “The ‘Great Variety’ of Readers and Early Modern
            Reading Practices.” In A Companion to Shakespeare, edited by
            David S. Kastan. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 1999. 186-205.

_____. Reading Material in Early Modern England. Cambridge:
            Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Harbus, Antonina. “A Renaissance Reader’s English Annotations to
            Thynne’s 1532 Edition of Chaucer’s Works.” Review of English
            Studies
n.s. 59.240 (2007): 342-55.

Hellinga, Lotte. “Printing.” In Cambridge History of the Book in Britain:
            Volume 3,
edited by Hellinga and Trapp. 65-108.

_____. William Caxton and Early Printing in England. London: The
            British Library, 2010.

Hellinga, Lotte, and J. B. Trapp, eds. The Cambridge History of the Book
            in Britain: Volume 3: 1400-1557
. Cambridge: Cambridge
            University Press, 1999.

Hotchkiss, Valerie R., and Charles C. Ryrie, eds. Formatting the Word of
            God
. Dallas: The Bridwell Library, 1998.

Hope, Andrew. “On the Smuggling of Prohibited Books from Antwerp to
            England in the 1520s and 1530s.” In Tyndale's Testament, edited
            by P. Arblaster, G. Juhász and G. Latré. Turnhout, BE: Brepols,
            2002. 35-38.
           
Jajdelska, Elspeth. “Pepys in the History of Reading.” The Historical
            Journal
50 (2007): 549-69.

Jardine, Lisa, and Anthony Grafton. “‘Studied for Action’: How Gabriel
            Harvey Read his Livy.” Past and Present 129 (1990): 30-78.

Jardine, Lisa, and William Sherman. “Pragmatic Readers: Knowledge
            Transactions and Scholarly Services in Late Elizabethan England.”
            In Religion, Culture, and Society in Early Modern Britain:
            Essays in Honour of Patrick Collinson
, edited by Anthony
            Fletcher and Peter Roberts. Cambridge: Cambridge University
            Press, 1994. 102-24.

Johnston, Andrew G., and Jean-François Gilmont. “Printing and the
            Reformation in Antwerp.” In The Reformation and the Book,
            edited by Gilmont and trans. Karin Maag. Aldershot: Ashgate,
            1998. 188-213.

Kastan, David Scott. “Naughty Printed Books.” In Cultural Reformations:
            Medieval and Renaissance in Literary History
, edited by Brian
            Cummings and James Simpson. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
            2010. 287-302.

_____.  “Size Matters.” Shakespeare Studies 28 (2000):  149-53.

Kearney, James. The Incarnate Text: Imagining the Book in Reformation
            England
. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.

Kendrick, Laura. “The Monument and the Margin,” South Atlantic
            Quarterly
91.4 (1992): 835-64.

King, John N.  "The Account Book of a Marian Bookseller, 1553-4." British
            Library Journal
13 (1987): 33-57.

_____English Reformation Literature: The Tudor Origins of the Protestant
            Tradition
. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982.

_____Foxe's Book of Martyrs and Early Modern Print Culture.
            Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

_____“Freedom of the Press, Protestant Propaganda, and Protector
            Somerset.” Huntington Library Quarterly 40 (1976): 1-9.

———.  "John Day: Master Printer of the English Reformation." In The
            Beginnings of English Protestantism
, edited by Peter Marshall and
            Alec Ryrie. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 180-208.

_____“'The Light of Printing': William Tyndale, John Foxe, John Day,
            and Early Modern Print Culture." Renaissance Quarterly 54 (2001):
            52-85.

_____.  “Thomas More, William Tyndale, and the Printing of Religious
            Propaganda.” In The Oxford Handbook of Tudor Literature,
            1485-1603
, edited by Mike Pincombe and Cathy Shrank. Oxford:
            Oxford University Press. 2009: 105-120.

_____Tudor Books and Readers: Materiality and the Construction of
            Meaning
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

King, John N. and Aaron T. Pratt. “The Materiality of English Printed
            Bibles from the Tyndale New Testament to the King James
            Bible.” In The King James Bible after 400 Years: Literary,
            Linguistic and Cultural Influences
, edited by Hannibal Hamlin
            and Norman Jones. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

King, John N., and Mark Rankin. “Print, Patronage, and the Reception
            of Continental Reform: 1521-1603.” The Yearbook of English
            Studies
38.1-2 (2008): 49-67.

Kintgen, Eugene R. Reading in Tudor England. Pittsburgh: University of
            Pittsburgh Press, 1996.

Klotz, Edith L. “A Subject Analysis of English Imprints for Every Tenth
            Year from 1480 to 1640.” Huntington Library Quarterly 1
            (1938): 417-19.

Latré, Guido. “The 1535 Coverdale Bible and Its Antwerp Origins.” In
            O'Sullivan and Herron, eds., The Bible as Book (2000), 89-102.

———. “William Tyndale in Antwerp: Reformers, Bible Translator, and
            Maker of the English Language.” In de Nave, ed., Antwerp,
            Dissident Typographical Centre
(1994), 55-66.

Leland, John. De uiris illustribus: On Famous Men. Edited and
            translated by James P. Carley, with the assistance of Caroline
            Brett. Toronto and Oxford: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies
            and the Bodleian Library, 2010.

Lerer, Seth. “Medieval Literature and Early Modern Readers: Cambridge
            University Library Sel. 5.51-5.63.” Papers of the Bibliographical
            Society of America
97 (2003): 311-32.

Lesser, Zachary. Renaissance Drama and the Politics of Publication:
            Readings in the English Book Trade
. Cambridge: Cambridge
            University Press, 2004. Chap. 1.

Luborsky, Ruth S. “The Allusive Presentation of The Shepheardes
            Calender
.” Spenser Studies 1 (1980): 29-67.
           
_____. “The Illustrations to The Shepheardes Calender.” Spenser Studies
            2 (1981): 3-54.
           
May, Steven W. “Henry Gurney, A Norfolk Farmer, Reads Spenser and
            Others.” Spenser Studies 20 (2005): 183-223.

McKenzie, D. F. “The Book as an Expressive Form.” In McKenzie’s
            Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts
. London: British
            Library, 1986. Reprinted Cambridge University Press, 1999.
            9-30.

———. “Printers of the Mind: Some Notes on Bibliographical Theories
            and Printing-House Practices.” Studies in Bibliography 22
            (1969): 1-75.

McKitterick, David.  Print, Manuscript, and the Search for Order, 1450-
            1850
. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003.

McMullan, Gordon, and David Matthews, eds. Reading the Medieval in
            Early Modern England
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
            2007.

Moulton, Ian Frederick. Reading and Literacy in the Middle Ages and
            Renaissance
. Turnhout: Brepols, 2004.

O’Sullivan, Orlaith, and Ellen N. Herron, eds. The Bible as Book: The
            Reformation
. London: The British Library & Oak Knoll Press,
            2000.

Patterson, Annabel, and Martin Dzelzainis. “Marvell and the Earl of
            Anglesey: A Chapter in the History of Reading.” The Historical
            Journal
44 (2001): 703-26.

Pettegree, Andrew. “Printing and the Reformation: The English
            Exception.” In The Beginnings of English Protestantism, edited
            by Peter Marshall and Alec Ryrie. Cambridge: Cambridge
            University Press, 2002. 157-79.

Pincombe, Mike, and Cathy Shrank, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Tudor
            Literature.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Rankin, Mark. “Complete Set of Woodcut Illustrations from the First Four
            English Editions of John Foxe’s Actes and Monuments (the ‘Book
            of Martyrs’), with Selected Images from the 1554 and 1559 Latin
            Editions,” The American Theological Library Association
            Cooperative Digital Resources Initiative
            <http://www.atla.com/digitalresources/>.

Raven, James. The Business of Books: Booksellers and the English Book
            Trade 1450-1850
. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.

Raven, James, et. al. (eds). The Practice and Representation of Reading
            in England
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Saenger, Paul. “Written Culture at the End of the Middle Ages.” In
            Saenger’s Space between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading.
            Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.

Scott, Charlotte. Shakespeare and the Idea of the Book. Oxford: Oxford
            University Press, 2007.

Sharpe, Kevin. Reading Revolutions: The Politics of Reading in Early
            Modern England
. New Haven and London: Yale University
            Press, 2000.

Sharpe, Kevin, and Steven N. Zwicker, eds. Reading, Society, and
            Politics in Early Modern England
. Cambridge: Cambridge
            University Press, 2003.

Sherman, William H. John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in
            the English Renaissance
. Amherst: University of Massachusetts
            Press, 1995.

_____. “Toward a History of the Manicule.” In Sherman’s Used Books:
            Marking Readers in Renaissance England
. Philadelphia:
            University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008. 25-52.

_____.  “‘The Book thus put in every vulgar hand’ Marking the Bible.” In
            Sherman’s Used Books: Marking Readers in Renaissance
            England
. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.
            71-87.
                                   
Simpson, James. Burning to Read: English Fundamentalism and its
            Reformation Opponents
. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of
            Harvard University Press, 2007.

Slights, William W.E. Managing Readers: Printed Marginalia in English
            Renaissance Books
. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press,
            2001.

Stallybrass, Peter. “Books and Scrolls: Navigating the Bible.” In Books
            and Readers in Early Modern England: Material Studies
,
            edited by Jennifer Andersen and Elizabeth Sauer. Philadelphia:
            University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002. 42-79.

Summit, Jennifer. Memory’s Library: Medieval Books in Early Modern
            England
. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press,
            2008.

Tadmor, Naomi. “Women and Wives: The Language of Marriage in Early
            Modern English Biblical Translations.” The Social Universe of the
            English Bible: Scripture, Society, and Culture in Early Modern
            England
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 50-81.

Thomas, Keith. “The Meaning of Literacy in Early Modern England.” In
            The Written Word: Literacy in Transition, edited by Gerd
            Baumann. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986. 97-131.

Trapp, J. B. Erasmus, Colet and More: The Early Tudor Humanists and
            their Books
. London: The British Library, 1991.

_____. “The Humanist Book.” In Cambridge History of the Book in
            Britain: Volume 3,
edited by Hellinga and Trapp. 285-315.

_____. “Literacy, Books and Readers.” In Cambridge History of the
            Book in Britain: Volume 3,
edited by Hellinga and Trapp. 31-43.

Voet, Leon. The Golden Compasses: A History and Evaluation of the
            Printing and Publishing Activities of the Officina Plantiniana at
            Antwerp
. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Vangendt, 1972.

Wakelin, Daniel. Humanism, Reading, & English Literature, 1430-1530.
            Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Wiggins, Alison. “What Did Renaissance Readers Write in their Printed
            Copies of Chaucer?” The Library 9.1 (2008): 3-36.

Journals related to this seminar

Return to "Tudor Books and Readers"
 

 

 


John Day colophon portrait device, from John Foxe, Book of Martyrs (1563). Bridwell Library, Perkins School of Theology. Photo by Jon Speck.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Opening page of Matthew's Gospel, Novum Testamentem (1519) of Desiderius Erasmus

 

 

 

 

 

 

William Gager and John Rainolds, Th'overthrow of Stage-Playes (1599) (STC 20616), title page

 

 

 

 

 

 

A page of the Complutensian Polyglot (1513-17). This Bible prints text from the Hebrew, Latin Vulgate, Greek Septuagint in the upper row, left-right.

It prints the Aramaic (the Targum Onkelos) and its Latin translation in the bottom row, left-right.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Coverdale Bible title page (1535)

 

 

 

 

 

 

William Tyndale, New Testament (1526), title page.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Robert Crowley, Philargyrie of Great Britayne (1551), title page. STC 6089.5

 

 

 

 

 

 

Thomas More, Utopia, tr. Ralph Robynson (1551), title page

 

 

 

 

 

 

Anne Askew, The first examination of Anne Askew, ed. John Bale (1546), title page. Reproduced by permission of the President and Fellows of St John’s College, Oxford.

 

 

 

 

 

 

John Bale, Illustrium maioris Britanniae scriptorum, summarium (1548), title page. Reproduced by permission of the President and Fellows of St John’s College, Oxford.

 

 

 

 

 

 

John Day colophon portrait device, from John Foxe, Book of Martyrs (1563). Bridwell Library, Perkins School of Theology. Photo by Jon Speck.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Opening page of Matthew's Gospel, Novum Testamentem (1519) of Desiderius Erasmus

 

 

 

 

 

 

William Gager and John Rainolds, Th'overthrow of Stage-Playes (1599) (STC 20616), title page

 

 

 

 

 

 

A page of the Complutensian Polyglot (1513-17). This Bible prints text from the Hebrew, Latin Vulgate, Greek Septuagint in the upper row, left-right.

It prints the Aramaic (the Targum Onkelos) and its Latin translation in the bottom row, left-right.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Coverdale Bible title page (1535)

 

 

 

 

 

 

William Tyndale, New Testament (1526), title page.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Robert Crowley, Philargyrie of Great Britayne (1551), title page. STC 6089.5